World War II German Panther Medium Tank

Armored vehicles known as tanks became crucial to the  efforts of France, Russia, and Britain to defeat the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy in World War I. Tanks made it possible to shift the advantage from defensive maneuvers to offensive, and their use completely caught the Alliance off guard. Germany eventually developed a tank of their own, the A7V, but after the Armistice, all tanks in German hands  were confiscated  and  scrapped, and Germany was forbidden by various treaties to possess or build armored vehicles. All that changed with the rise to power by Adolph Hitler and the start of World War II. Design Development Development of the Panther began in 1941, following Germanys encounters with Soviet T-34 tanks in the opening days of Operation Barbarossa. Proving superior to their current tanks, the Panzer IV and Panzer III, the T-34 inflicted heavy casualties on German armored formations. That fall, following the capture of a T-34, a team was sent east to study the Soviet tank as a precursor to designing one superior to it. Returning with the results, Daimler-Benz (DB) and Maschinenfabrik Augsburg-Nà ¼rnberg AG (MAN) were ordered to design new tanks based on the study. In assessing the T-34, the German team found that the keys to its effectiveness were its 76.2 mm gun, wide road wheels, and sloping armor. Utilizing this data, DB and MAN delivered proposals to the Wehrmacht in April 1942. While the DB design was largely an improved copy of the T-34, MANs incorporated the T-34s strengths into a more traditional German design. Using a three-man turret (the T-34s fit two), the MAN design was higher and wider than the T-34 and was powered by a 690 hp gasoline engine. Though Hitler initially preferred the DB design, MANs was chosen because it used an existing turret design that would be quicker to produce. Once built, the Panther would be 22.5 feet long, 11.2 feet wide, and 9.8 feet high. Weighing around 50 tons, it was propelled by a V-12 Maybach gasoline-powered engine of about 690 hp. It reached a top speed of 34 mph, with a range of 155 miles, and held a crew of five men, which included the driver, radio-operator, commander, gunner, and loader. Its primary gun was a Rheinmetall-Borsig 1 x 7.5 cm KwK 42 L/70, with 2 x 7.92 mm Maschinengewehr 34 machine guns as the secondary armaments. It was built as a medium tank, a classification that stood somewhere between light, mobility-oriented tanks and heavily armored protection tanks. Production Following prototype trials at Kummersdorf in the fall of 1942, the new tank, dubbed Panzerkampfwagen V Panther, was moved into production. Due to the need for the new tank on the Eastern Front, production was rushed with the first units being completed that December. As a result of this haste, early Panthers were plagued by mechanical and reliability issues. At the Battle of Kursk in July 1943, more Panthers were lost to engine problems than to enemy action. Common issues included overheated engines, connecting rod and bearing failures, and fuel leaks. Additionally, the type suffered from frequent transmission and final drive breakdowns that proved difficult to repair. As a result, all Panthers underwent rebuilds at Falkensee in April and May 1943.  Subsequent upgrades to the design helped reduce or eliminate many of these issues.   While initial production of the Panther was assigned to MAN, demand for the type soon overwhelmed the companys resources.  As a result, DB, Maschinenfabrik Niedersachsen-Hannover, and Henschel Sohn all received contracts to build the Panther.  During the course of the war, around 6,000 Panthers would be constructed, making the tank the third most-produced vehicle for the Wehrmacht behind the Sturmgeschà ¼tz III and Panzer IV. At its peak in September 1944, 2,304 Panthers were operational on all fronts. Though the German government set ambitious production goals for Panther construction, these were seldom met due to Allied bombing raids repeatedly targeting key aspects of the supply chain, such as the Maybach engine plant and a  number of Panther factories themselves. Introduction The Panther entered service in January 1943 with the formation of Panzer Abteilung (Battalion) 51. After equipping Panzer Abteilung 52 the following month, increased numbers of the type were sent to frontline units early that spring. Viewed as a key element of Operation Citadel on the Eastern Front, the Germans delayed opening the Battle of Kursk until sufficient numbers of the tank were available. First seeing major combat during the fighting, the Panther initially proved ineffective due to numerous mechanical issues. With the correction of the production-related mechanical difficulties, the Panther became highly popular with German tankers and a fearsome weapon on the battlefield. While the Panther was initially intended to only equip one tank battalion per panzer division, by June 1944, it accounted for nearly half of German tank strength on both the eastern and western fronts. The Panther was first used against US and British forces at Anzio in early 1944. As it only appeared in small numbers, US and British commanders believed it to be a heavy tank that would not be built in large numbers. When Allied troops landed in Normandy that June, they were shocked to find that half the German tanks in the area were Panthers. Greatly outclassing the M4 Sherman, the Panther with its high-velocity 75mm gun inflicted heavy casualties on Allied armored units and could engage at a longer range than its foes. Allied tankers soon found that their 75mm guns were incapable of penetrating the Panthers frontal armor and that flanking tactics were required. Allied Response To combat the Panther, US forces began deploying Shermans with 76mm guns, as well as the M26 Pershing heavy tank and tank destroyers carrying 90mm guns. British units frequently fitted Shermans with 17-pdr guns (Sherman Fireflies) and deployed increasing numbers of towed anti-tank guns. Another solution was found with the introduction of the Comet cruiser tank, featuring a 77mm high-velocity gun, in December 1944. The Soviet response to the Panther was faster and more uniform, with the introduction of the T-34-85. Featuring an 85mm gun, the improved T-34 was nearly the equal of the Panther. Though the Panther remained slightly superior, high Soviet production levels quickly allowed large numbers of T-34-85s to dominate the battlefield. In addition, the Soviets developed the heavy IS-2 tank (122mm gun) and the SU-85 and SU-100 anti-tank vehicles to deal with the newer German tanks. Despite the Allies efforts, the Panther remained arguably the best medium tank in use by either side. This was largely due to its thick armor and ability to pierce the armor of enemy tanks at ranges up to 2,200 yards. Postwar The Panther remained in German service until the end of the war. In 1943, efforts were made to develop the Panther II. While similar to the original, the Panther II was intended to utilize the same parts as the Tiger II heavy tank to ease maintenance for both vehicles. Following the war, captured Panthers were briefly used by the French 503e Rà ©giment de Chars de Combat. One of the iconic tanks of World War II, the Panther influenced a number of postwar tank designs, such as the French AMX 50.

Political Socialization Religious Values Vs. Personal...

Political Socialization: Religious Values vs. Personal Relationships I grew up around a wide variety of environments and an array of people from all walks of life. I was born on the island of Guam, a small US territory in the Pacific. When I was just a baby we moved to Claremore, Oklahoma. My dad was in the Navy and had been put on recruiting duty around Northeast Oklahoma. We would later move on to live in a few more small towns in Oklahoma shortly after. I don’t remember much outside of a few key elements of our house, our big back yard and bits and pieces from my first school in Mustang. I do, however, recall a strong religious influence particularly in the small towns of Inola and Claremore. My parents did not attend church regularly†¦show more content†¦By that point in time nothing really shocked me anymore. I felt open to new ideas, new people and found it easy to adapt to whatever surroundings I found in. This was only solidified with two humanitarian deployments to Africa and Eastern Asia before I finally finished my five-year contract and decided to move back to Tulsa, Oklahoma. So, with my social influences varying heavily depending on which chapter of my life I look at it’s hard to pin point where my political preferences stem. It seems the easiest way would be to start with a topic I have a strong view point on and look at what I see what parts of my life had the most significant impact. The first topic being abortion. Throughout my adult life this is one of the few major political viewpoints that has remained un-wavered. I believe that each human life is precious and the act of casual abortion is immoral. I can trace this ideal to when I was a teenager living in Tulsa. We started as a family of six, but after my older siblings moved out and my mom took my sister after the divorce, it was just me and my dad. 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Analyzing the Economic and Health of Smoking in Australia

Question: Discuss and Analyzing the Economic and Health of Smoking in Australia. Answer: Introduction: Smoking is a destructive act, destroying the smokers' and passive smokers' health and taking an unfortunate turn in their economic conditions. The financial burden falls on both the government and the individuals. There are many diseases which are preventable yet killed many people were originated from smoking. Smoking not only harms the person who is doing it. The individuals who are being the victims of passive smoking are also sharing the same fate as the smokers. The statistics have shown a significant number of child mortality cases are attached to smoking. Pregnant mothers smoking caused many diseases to their babies and themselves too. Smoking costs the governments of each country a lump sum amount of money. Many countries are trying to fight back to this evil habit of human kind. Australia is leading this fight from the front row. The government of Australia has introduced many policies in order to reduce tobacco consumption in the country. These policies taken have reduced the numbers of smokers significantly. It was seen that the contribution of smoking to hospitalization was significantly higher than illicit drug abuse and alcohol abused, combined. The rate of smoking in the disadvantaged groups of Australia is quite high even after the introductions of the policy measures by the government. The smoking rate among the Torres Strait Islander and Aboriginals double the smoking rate among non-indigenous people. This has caused the disadva ntaged groups of the country more deaths and reduced their life expectancy. The complications during child births also have increased during smoking in the pregnancy periods. The government of Australia has taken several measures to inform the mothers of the disadvantaged groups the effects of smoking on their children and unborn. The results of these efforts are yet to show up. Problem statement: The problem statement in this research work is to determine the impact of smoking on health and economy of the people of the country. Objective of the study The primary objectives of the study are: To investigate the economic and health effect of smoking both on individual and government and then provide a comprehensive analysis to discourage or quit smoking. To explore the impact of smoking on life expectancy on the smokers and non-smokers To examine the various government policies to reduce smoking and its effect since implementation. The main research questions asked in this survey are: Does smoking have any effect on economy and health in Australia? Is there any government policy that discourages smoking? What are the main effects of smoking on mortality rates? What is the functional relationship between smoking and health and economy? Significance: The study is to determine the impact of smoking o health and economy of Australia. The smoking is one of the major health issues in todays world. Smoking is prevalent among youngsters as well as older people. The study will help to determine new policies for the policy makers regarding smoking habit. The mortality rate of the country is increasing in arithmetic progression. The research will help the government officials, policy makers and other concerned authorities to take necessary step to stop this smoking among the people of the country. Literature review: The gender differences in smoking can be interpreted through culture. Countries with lower gender empowerment have more gender differences in smoking. Death, diseases and financial burden associated with smoking are expected to increase or double in less developed and developing countries as they are now remain the focus of tobacco industry worldwide. A lot of colleges and universities student begin to smoke being the simple focus for tobacco industry and young people are barraged with tobacco messages and in some cases offer free cigarette. The government of Australia has aggressively increased tax on Tobacco products. This has made the price for tobacco goods double and in some cases even more. The Australian government is the first to introduce plain packing. The cigarette packs just contain the brand name in small fonts and with a picture which discourages smokers. Apart from the real value of tobacco purchases, the cost of cigarette use have more far- reaching health and economic impacts on families, private individual, employers and taxpayers. This approach has its own results. It has discouraged the newcomers from taking up smoking. But it has failed to create any significant changes in the adult smoking population. Some reduced smoking due to this reason. Others simply increased their smoking habits as resistant. Some did for psychological needs. The government of Australia has done a lot for reducing smoking in the country, in the last decade. The government has introduced aggressive taxation on tobacco products. The cigarette packs have become uglier in the last few years due to plain packing. The government has also created rules for disallowing smoking in public places, especially near the children's playgrounds and public transports in South Australia. The bans in tobacco consumption have impacts on the country's health as well as in the economy. It is claimed that due to the aggressive and progressive control of tobacco in developed world, smoking rate have reduced to 50% over the past four decades and also the mortality rate of smoking related illness or diseases including cancer and cardiovascular diseases are no diminishing and in few of these countries smoke free programs are protecting non-smokers from inhaling smoke. Recommendations: The recommendations that follow from the study are as follows: The study suggests that the numbers of smokers are increasing rapidly and also the diseases due to smoking are increasing. Therefore, the government and the concerned authorities should take necessary steps to control the matter. The smoking habits of the people can be controlled by generating awareness among the people. The study had been conducted by taking a very small sample. The research aims to find the impact on health and economy due to smoking for the whole country Australia. Therefore, the study could have been better if a few more samples could have been considered. The dataset also has some missing values. The missing values could be substituted with the help of some effective statistical techniques like mean Results and discussions: The data has been analyzed using various statistical methods. The following conclusions can be drawn from the analysis of the data. The data analysis results shows that the tendency of smoking is more among the males than among the females The cross tabulation results shows that the frequency of male smokers are more than female smokers, most of the smokers are above the age of 60 years and has education level till college. The results of the regression study reveals that most of the education level does not have much effect on expense of smoking however gender has some effect on smoking habits. The secondary datasets shows that the deaths due to smoking are more than prevented. Conclusions: The research has been carried out by taking a sample of size 60. The data has been collected by the method of simple random sampling. The data analysis results show that the tendency of smoking is more among the males than among the females. The cross tabulation results shows that the frequency of male smokers are more than female smokers and most of the smokers are above the age of 60 years. The secondary datasets shows that the deaths due to smoking are more than prevented. This implies that smoking has some serious effect on health. There are certain limitations of the study which are discussed as follows: The study has been conducted by taking a very small sample. The size of the sample is only 60. This has been done due to limited amount of resources that used for the study. The survey has been conducted by using only simple random sampling. The study could have been better if some effective sampling methods like cluster sampling could have been used. The different regions of the country could have been taken as each cluster.

Nollan Vs. CCC Essays - Supreme Court Of The United States

Nollan vs. CCC Environmental Law Nollan vs. CCC Abstract of: 483 U.S. 825, 97 L. Ed.2d 677 James Patrick Nollan, et ux., Appellant v. California Coastal Commission. Case Definition: The case is Nollan versus the California Coastal Commission. The Nollans were the appellates against a decision made by the California Coastal Commission (CCC). The Nollans had been leasing a property on the California coast with which they had an option to buy. The property lies directly at the foot of the Pacific Ocean and is a prime piece of real estate on the California Coast. The property had been used by the Nollans to rent out during the summer months to vacationers. At the end of the Nollans' lease they took the option to purchase the land and began preparing for the terms of purchase by the previous land owner. Among those terms was the demolishing of the small deteriorating bungalow that the Nollans had been leasing. The Nollans had planned to expand the structure from the small bungalow that it was to a three bedroom house more complimentary to the surrounding homes and their needs. In order to begin destruction of the property and begin rebuilding the site the Nollans had to secure a permit from the California Coastal Commission. Upon submitting the permit application, the CCC found that the permit should be granted on the condition that the Nollans provide public access to the beach and to the local county park, which lay adjacent to the property. This provision called for the Nollans to use a portion of their land to be used as a public walkway to the beach and park. The Nollans protested to the condition, but the CCC overruled the objection and granted the permit with the condition intact. Case Decision: The Nollans filed a petition to the Ventura County Superior Court asking that the condition to supply easement be removed from their permit. The Nollans' argument was that there was not enough evidence to support the developments limiting of public access to the beach. The argument was agreed upon by the court and the case was remanded to the California Coastal Commission for a full evidentiary hearing on the issue of public access to the beach. The CCC held a public hearing which led to further factual findings which reaffirmed the need for the condition. The CCC's argument was that the building of the new structure would limit view of the ocean, and therefore limit access to the public who had full rights to use the beach. To compensate for the limitations on the public the Nollans would have to provide access to the beach from their property. The CCC also noted that all of the other developments on the same tract of land had been conditioned similarly in having to provide public access to the ocean. The Nollans filed a supplemental petition for a writ of administrative mandamus (a writ that would order a public official or body to comply with a specified duty issued by a superior court). The Nollans argument was that the permit condition violated the Takings Clause in the V Amendment, and also in the XIV Amendment of the Constitution. The court agreed that the administrative record did not provide for in showing the existence of adverse impact on the publics' access to the ocean. The court granted the writ of mandamus, and directed that the public access condition be removed from the permit. The CCC appealed the case in the California Court of Appeal and won the decision. The Court of Appeal found an error in the Supreme Courts interpretation of the Coastal Act which mandates public access to any category of developments on the coast. The Court of Appeal also found that the Takings claim was unsubstantiated by the Nollans. The permit condition did take from the value of the land, but did not restrict them of reasonable use of their property. The Nollans then appealed to the United States Supreme Court. The argument made by the Nollans continued to revolve around the Takings Clause in the V Amendment. The Supreme Court found that the requirement of the permit only put a restriction on the use of the property and not a ?taking? of the property. The Supreme Court also held the California State Constitution to have standing, and upheld the ruling made by the Court of Appeals. Reasoning for Decision: I believe that the reason the Supreme Court decided as it did was that its interpretation of the California State Constitution provided for the authority of the CCC's permit regulation. The part within the states constitution says that access to any